As managing director of Carnegie Corporation of New York's Strengthening U.S. Democracy program, Geri Mannion brings a wealth of experience about the role of philanthropy in challenging, improving, and deepening civic dialogue. She has directed the program since 1998, after staffing the Corporation's Special Projects program for almost 10 years ... LaVerne Evans Srinivasan is the vice president of the Corporation’s National Program and the program director for Education. She oversees grantmaking and other activities aimed at engaging parents and …For decades, Carnegie Corporation of New York has supported grantees that have developed and advocated for the policies to increase voting in the United States described by E.J. Dionne Jr. and Miles Rapoport in their book 100% Democracy: The Case for Universal Voting with a foreword by Heather McGhee (The New Press, 2022). These policies, which …The ratings downgrade to CCC that followed means some managers of collateralized loan obligations, which bundle up slices of loans from the likes of Altice and …The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) is a nonpartisan international affairs think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., with operations in Europe, South …Asghar is a naturalized U.S. citizen who moved from Pakistan to Queens, New York, as a child with his family. Farhad Asghar is a program officer with the Corporation’s Education program, where he manages the Pathways to Postsecondary Success portfolio. Asghar oversees grantmaking that supports practices and policies aimed at creating flexible ...Apr 12, 2016 · Carnegie India: A Global Think Tank Expands. The recent launch of Carnegie India marks the sixth international center created by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and further solidifies its position as one of the world’s few truly global think tanks. By Carnegie Corporation of New York April 12, 2016. Carnegie Corporation of New York is one of America’s oldest grantmaking foundations. We are headquartered in New York City, but our grantmaking is both national and international in scope. See Our Accomplishments.The report examines the condition of America's young adolescents and how well middle grade schools, health institutions and community organizations serve them. The Task Force on Education of Young Adolescents makes recommendations for new structures for middle grade education, which …Welcome to Carnegie Management and Development Corporation. CARNEGIE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION is a female owned, diversified real estate development and management company. Carnegie has developed, owns and manages several million square feet of improved real estate consisting of retail, office, governmental, commercial/industrial and …Carnegie Corporation of New York’s historical records are open to researchers and have been housed at Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library, in New York City, since 1990. This is a growing collection: the Corporation continues to donate its inactive grant files, board and executive committee files, annual …Summer Investment Analyst. Jun 2021 - Aug 2021 3 months. Middletown, Connecticut, United States. Wesleyan Investments Office, AUM $1.6 billion.By Carnegie Corporation of New York September 24, 2021 Emerging Global Order The present moment may be the most challenging time in decades for U.S.-China policy, according to a new report by the Task Force on U.S.-China Policy, making it a critically important time for the U.S. to understand the … Edward P. Djerejian Senior Fellow, Middle East Initiative, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School Preventive Priorities Survey 2023 ranks thirty plausible contingencies in order of their likelihood and potential U.S. impact. Program: International Peace and Security. To help focus U.S. conflict prevention and crisis preparedness efforts, the Council on Foreign Relation's Center for Preventive Action conducts an annual survey of foreign ...Ronald Sexton is the Corporation’s librarian/researcher. He started at the Corporation as records manager/librarian in the Corporate Secretary’s office and later transferred to Public Affairs, now known as the Communications department. He has more than 30 years of experience in practicing primary research in the philanthropic sector ...Kean currently serves as chair of the board of Carnegie Corporation of New York. In addition, he has served on a number of corporate boards and chaired the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. At present, he serves as cochair of JerseyCan and is vice chairman of the Environmental Defense Fund …Daniel Finn was in his late teens when he moved to the United States with his parents and brothers and sisters. He had no idea what he was going to do after high school. North Billerica High School had seemed “as strange a venue [to] him as the bar scene in Star Wars .”. His immigrant experience ended up greatly shaping his …The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie. Originally titled simply “Wealth” and published in the North American Review in June 1889, Andrew Carnegie’s essay “The Gospel of Wealth” is considered a foundational document in the field of philanthropy. Carnegie believed in giving wealth away during one’s lifetime, and this essay includes ... The Corporation Evolves. The Carnegie Corporation kept its focus in the years after the Second World War chiefly on social problems, particularly education. (From 1955 to 1979, the Corporation’s president served as president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, and the two came close to merging.) Huyện Phú Xuyên. Huyện Thạch Thất. Thành phố Hà Nội. Quận Bắc Từ Liêm. Công Ty Cổ Phần Đầu Tư Thương Mại Và Dịch Vụ Phúc Khang - Quận Cầu Giấy, …Carnegie Corporation of New York had always worked with scholars and universities, but it hadn’t invested broadly in the higher education system since the 1970s. Changing conditions encouraged the Corporation to reengage, establishing the International Development Program, now known as the Higher Education and Research in Africa (HERA) program.Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. The Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs was established in 1914, with a $2 million endowment, as the Church Peace Union. Through that organization, Andrew Carnegie hoped to mobilize the world’s churches, religious organizations, and other spiritual and moral resources to join in promoting moral …Andrew Carnegie, Scottish-born American industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the …Jon-Michael Consalvo joined the Corporation in September 2009 as an investment analyst, going on to hold several increasingly prominent roles within the Investments team, most recently as managing director. His primary responsibility has been the management of the Corporation’s private equity portfolio, but at various times he … The unexpected and untimely death of Corporation president Vartan Gregorian on April 15, 2021, came as a shock. The Corporation lost a devoted and tireless leader — an extraordinary champion of education, immigra-tion, and international peace and security, and steward of Andrew Carnegie’s legacy. We, his colleagues, lost Described by a writer for Pan African Music as “a splendid and ecstatic memento of spiritual jazz with some of its greatest masters,” Alice Coltrane’s 1971 …Nov 18, 2019 · Along with a core group of other funders, the Carnegie Corporation of New York began investing in voting rights and elections work in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. However, it wasn’t until the early years of the 21stcentury that funders started to work more intentionally together in their support for voting rights. Carnegie also makes room for new grantees, but without many open calls for grant applications, it is not easy to pitch your work here. PROFILE: The Carnegie Corporation of New York was founded in 1911 by the industrialist Andrew Carnegie, considered by some as the “father of modern philanthropy.”. The Carnegie Corporation … Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) was among the most famous and wealthy industrialists of his day. Through the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the innovative philanthropic foundation he established in 1911, his fortune has since supported everything from the discovery of insulin and the dismantling of nuclear weapons, to the creation of Sesame Street and the Common Core Standards. From Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner to Things That Go Boom, the Corporation’s Sharon Weiner and Samara Shaz curate a list of recommended sources for learning more about the nuclear issues of our times. Carnegie Reporter Fall … As vice president of the International Program, Deana Arsenian promotes the development of Carnegie Corporation of New York’s grantmaking on international issues. She is also responsible for the Corporation’s work concerning Russia and Eurasia. From 1983 to 1990, Arsenian worked as a program officer in the Corporation's Avoiding Nuclear War ... On the eve of the tenth anniversary of the first democratic elections in South Africa, Carnegie Results offers an overview of Carnegie Corporation's grantmaking in that country, revealing how the foundation's support of efforts focused on a post-apartheid government were aided by earlier work that had unintended consequences. According to a new Chicago Council–Carnegie Corporation of New York poll, 6 in 10 Americans want to know more about nuclear weapons. Good thing — because the arms control process is on the rocks and nuclear weapons threats are growing. Carnegie Reporter Fall 2023 Nuclear ThreatsAndrew Carnegie: A Legacy of Support for Public Libraries. Over the course of more than 100 years, Carnegie Corporation of New York has supported libraries around the country and the world. Here are a few as the country celebrates National Libraries Week. Taken at the Carnegie Library of Homestead in Munhall, …In 1996, Carnegie Corporation of New York awarded two-year grants totaling more than $3 million to sixteen states and cities participating in a new grants program called Starting Points State and Community Partnerships for Young Children. The grants expanded the …Writing Next: Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of Adolescents in Middle and High Schools, commissioned by Carnegie Corporation of New York and published by the Alliance for Excellent Education, discusses eleven specific teaching techniques that research suggests will help improve the writing abilities of the country's 4th- to 12th-grade ...Sep 13, 2011 · In 1911, Andrew Carnegie created his last and largest philanthropic institution, Carnegie Corporation of New York, to promote international peace and advance education and knowledge. While staying true to these goals, the foundation time and again has risen to the evolving challenges of the past 100 years. The father of American philanthropy ... Preet Chawla is senior director at Carnegie Corporation of New York, responsible for manager selection, primarily across the Corporation’s public portfolio. Prior to joining the Corporation, Chawla was research director at Benchmark Plus Management, responsible for manager selection across hedge fund portfolios. Previously, he was an ...At its quarterly meeting held in New York City on March 4, 2021, Carnegie Corporation of New York's board of trustees approved 27 grants totaling $13,530,000. Brief descriptions of each board-approved grant are provided below. The unexpected and untimely death of Corporation president Vartan Gregorian on April 15, 2021, came as a shock. The Corporation lost a devoted and tireless leader — an extraordinary champion of education, immigra-tion, and international peace and security, and steward of Andrew Carnegie’s legacy. We, his colleagues, lost June 30, 1999. Carnegie Corporation of New York has a new Director of Public Affairs. She is Susan Robinson King, a highly respected broadcast and print journalist with a broad background in government and nonprofit organizations. Most recently she has served as Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs of the U.S. Department of …Carnegie Corporation of New York’s resources are limited and cannot support all of the superb proposals submitted to us. The organizations below offer useful information about philanthropy and may help nonprofit organizations identify possible sources of support: The Chronicle of Philanthropy. Serves as a print and online news source for ...Carnegie Reporter Winter 2022. Louise Richardson, New York City, October 2022 (Credit: Filip Wolak) Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealthis as relevant today as the day it was written more than 130 years ago. Toward the end of his life, he resolved, in his own words, “to stop accumulating and begin the … The Corporation adheres to a spending policy that is designed to weather short-term market fluctuations to provide better predictability and long-term stability in grantmaking. This helps sustain the Corporation’s grantmaking efforts in bad times as well as good, allowing us to fulfill Andrew Carnegie’s legacy of using private wealth for ... New York, New York, June 9, 2022 — Following a unanimous vote, Carnegie Corporation of New York’s trustees announced today that Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian will return to the foundation’s board for a four-year term.He is a former Corporation trustee who, among other responsibilities, served as vice-chairman …Vartan Gregorian, president of Carnegie Corporation of New York, former president of Brown University and The New York Public Library, illustrious scholar, and steward of Andrew Carnegie’s legacy dies at age 87. Vartan Gregorian, a distinguished historian and humanities scholar and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, was the ...New York, NY, June 28, 2023 — Carnegie Corporation of New York today announced its annual list of Great Immigrants, honoring 35 naturalized citizens who have enriched and strengthened our society and our democracy. Each Fourth of July since 2006, the philanthropic foundation has invited Americans to celebrate these exemplary individuals …In August 2015, Private Asset Management magazine named her one of the 50 Most Influential Women in Private Wealth. Lagomasino serves on the boards of Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Coca-Cola Company, and the Walt Disney Company. In January 2022, she was appointed a member of the advisory board of the …Kean currently serves as chair of the board of Carnegie Corporation of New York. In addition, he has served on a number of corporate boards and chaired the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. At present, he serves as cochair of JerseyCan and is vice chairman of the Environmental Defense Fund …About VNPT. 1. Full name: Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group. 2. International transaction name: Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group (VNPT). 3. Contact …Carnegie Corporation of New York’s historical records are open to researchers and have been housed at Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library, in New York City, since 1990. This is a growing collection: the Corporation continues to donate its inactive grant files, board and executive committee files, annual …National Survey Finds Parent and Educator Agreement on the Importance of Stronger Family-School Partnerships As vice president of the International Program, Deana Arsenian promotes the development of Carnegie Corporation of New York’s grantmaking on international issues. She is also responsible for the Corporation’s work concerning Russia and Eurasia. From 1983 to 1990, Arsenian worked as a program officer in the Corporation's Avoiding Nuclear War ... Jon-Michael Consalvo, managing director of Carnegie Corporation of New York’s investments team, has been appointed as the Corporation’s chief investment officer effective March 1.The philanthropic foundation’s board of trustees voted to promote Consalvo, a 15-year veteran of the institution, to oversee its $4.2 …A select reading list of essential titles from current and past Carnegie Corporation of New York grantees Age of Coexistence: The Ecumenical Frame and the Making of the Modern Arab World. Ussama Makdisi. Oakland, Calif.: University of California Press, 2019. Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a …Andrew Carnegie: A Legacy of Support for Public Libraries. Over the course of more than 100 years, Carnegie Corporation of New York has supported libraries around the country and the world. Here are a few as the country celebrates National Libraries Week. Taken at the Carnegie Library of Homestead in Munhall, …Carnegie Corporation of New York 1998 Annual Report. 1998. Download. This annual report covers the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998 and includes a listing of approved grants accompanied by brief abstracts as well as reports on finances, investments and administration.Gladys McQueen began working at Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1987. Her work includes creating and maintaining the Corporation’s permanent archival retention schedule, historical dictionary, and oral history. In addition to her other skills and responsibilities, McQueen proofreads the agenda book, uploads grant …According to a new Chicago Council–Carnegie Corporation of New York poll, 6 in 10 Americans want to know more about nuclear weapons. Good thing — because the arms control process is on the rocks and nuclear weapons threats are growing. Carnegie Reporter Fall 2023 Nuclear ThreatsGrant Inquiries. We rely on program staff to identify funding opportunities and strategies as outlined in our program descriptions, if you think your project aligns with the Corporation’s funding priorities, or if you have inquiries about funding opportunities, please visit the contact us page. Additionally, you may explore other potential ...New York, New York, June 9, 2022 — Following a unanimous vote, Carnegie Corporation of New York’s trustees announced today that Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian will return to the foundation’s board for a four-year term.He is a former Corporation trustee who, among other responsibilities, served as vice-chairman …A “violent political culture” distinguished this midterm election from that of 2018, says Jaynes. In response to these developments, foundations such as Carnegie Corporation of New York fund national voter-protection hotlines in four languages, staffed by lawyers and election experts whom grantees support.Carnegie Corporation of New York is one of America’s oldest grantmaking foundations. We are headquartered in New York City, but our grantmaking is both national and international in scope. See Our Accomplishments. April 16, 2014. Professional Learning for Educators. Ambika Kapur is a program director within the Corporation’s Education program where she manages the Public Understanding portfolio. Kapur oversees grantmaking aimed at engaging parents, communities, teachers, and policymakers in understanding and demanding changes in education that ensure ... Carnegie Corporation of New York is accountable not only before the law and the court of public opinion but also before history. Our annual reports afford the Corporation an …Jon-Michael Consalvo joined the Corporation in September 2009 as an investment analyst, going on to hold several increasingly prominent roles within the Investments team, most recently as managing director. His primary responsibility has been the management of the Corporation’s private equity portfolio, but at various times he …Writing Next: Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of Adolescents in Middle and High Schools, commissioned by Carnegie Corporation of New York and published by the Alliance for Excellent Education, discusses eleven specific teaching techniques that research suggests will help improve the writing abilities of the country's 4th- to 12th-grade ...Cecelia Chen is a director of investments at Carnegie Corporation of New York. She is responsible for investments across real assets, China, and crypto. Prior to joining the Corporation, Chen was a senior investment officer at Seattle City Employees Retirement System, where she was the primary coverage for the real estate and private equity ...Cecelia Chen is a director of investments at Carnegie Corporation of New York. She is responsible for investments across real assets, China, and crypto. Prior to joining the Corporation, Chen was a senior investment officer at Seattle City Employees Retirement System, where she was the primary coverage for the real estate and private equity ...LaVerne Srinivasan is vice president of Carnegie Corporation of New York’s National Program and program director of Education, Farhad Asghar is the Education program officer of the Pathways to Postsecondary Success portfolio, and Elise Henson is a former program analyst at the Corporation. Carnegie Corporation of New York, one of America's most influential philanthropic institutions, is an incubator for ideas and strategies to address many of society's greatest challenges, from ... Carnegie Corporation of New York was established by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding. In keeping with this mandate, the Corporation's agenda focuses on the issues that Andrew Carnegie considered of paramount importance: international peace, the …Time to Act is the capstone report of Carnegie Council for Advancing Adolescent Literacy (Council). Since 2004, under the direction of council chairperson Catherine Snow, professor in the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the Council has gathered knowledge and ideas from experts nationwide on topics ranging from linguistics to the social science of …Carnegie Corporation of New York’s historical records are open to researchers and have been housed at Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library, in New York City, since 1990. This is a growing collection: the Corporation continues to donate its inactive grant files, board and executive committee files, annual …At its quarterly meeting held in New York City on December 8, 2022, Carnegie Corporation of New York's board of trustees approved 37 Grants Totaling $31,102,500. Brief descriptions of each Board-approved grant are provided below.Carnegie Corporation's Council on Adolescent Development builds on the work of many organizations and individuals to stimulate sustained public attention to the risks and opportunities of adolescence, and generates public and private support for measures that facilitate the critical transition to adulthood.Carnegie also makes room for new grantees, but without many open calls for grant applications, it is not easy to pitch your work here. PROFILE: The Carnegie Corporation of New York was founded in 1911 by the industrialist Andrew Carnegie, considered by some as the “father of modern philanthropy.”. The Carnegie Corporation …2024 Andrew Carnegie Fellows Program Information. In June 2023, Carnegie Corporation of New York announced a second phase of the Andrew Carnegie Fellows Program and a new focus on political polarization in the United States. The Andrew Carnegie Fellows Program was established in 2015 to provide philanthropic support for high-caliber research in ...By GLENN GAMBOA. NEW YORK (AP) — Vartan Gregorian, the noted scholar and philanthropic leader who led the Carnegie Corporation of New York since 1997, died Thursday after being hospitalized for stomach pain. He was 87. “The Corporation has lost a devoted and tireless leader — an extraordinary champion of education, immigration, and ...New York, NY September 26, 2023 — Carnegie Corporation of New York announced today that the foundation’s chief investment officer, Mark Baumgartner, is stepping down to take a new position as CIO of the Dalio Family Office (DFO), which supports the Dalio family in their ventures and investments as well as in their work through Dalio Philanthropies. The unexpected and untimely death of Corporation president Vartan Gregorian on April 15, 2021, came as a shock. The Corporation lost a devoted and tireless leader — an extraordinary champion of education, immigra-tion, and international peace and security, and steward of Andrew Carnegie’s legacy. We, his colleagues, lost Writing to Read is a part of a series of Carnegie Corporation of New York-funded reports intended to re-engineer literacy instruction across the curriculum to drive student achievement. The initial report, Time to Act: An Agenda for Advancing Adolescent Literacy for College and Career Readiness and corresponding reports were published in …The reality now is that funding reform is the floor. We actually need more resources now as we think about how we address learning loss, hopefully with things like high-dosage tutoring and an extended school year. We need more investment in counselors and mental health services. We’re seeing some …
As vice president of the International Program, Deana Arsenian promotes the development of Carnegie Corporation of New York’s grantmaking on international issues. She is also responsible for the Corporation’s work concerning Russia and Eurasia. From 1983 to 1990, Arsenian worked as a program officer in the Corporation's Avoiding Nuclear War .... Anatomy bootcamp
Carnegie Corporation of New York Annual Report FY2022–2023 March 25, 2024. Annual Report Carnegie Corporation of New York Annual Report FY2021–2022 March 24, 2023. Grantee Publication The Future Africa Early Career Research Leader Fellowship June 1, 2022. Legal Information; Careers; Media Center ...Carnegie Corporation of New York Annual Report FY2022–2023 March 25, 2024. Report Becoming an Ally: Partnering with Immigrant Families to Promote Student Success April 24, 2023. Annual Report Carnegie … In our case, Carnegie Corporation of New York was established to “promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding.” Andrew Carnegie ensured that the Corporation would be governed by established rules, overseen by a board of trustees, and structured so that it was accountable to the public it would serve. New York, NY September 26, 2023 — Carnegie Corporation of New York announced today that the foundation’s chief investment officer, Mark Baumgartner, is stepping down to take a new position as CIO of the Dalio Family Office (DFO), which supports the Dalio family in their ventures and investments as well as in their work through Dalio Philanthropies.New York, New York, June 9, 2022 — Following a unanimous vote, Carnegie Corporation of New York’s trustees announced today that Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian will return to the foundation’s board for a four-year term.He is a former Corporation trustee who, among other responsibilities, served as vice-chairman …The Education program at Carnegie Corporation of New York builds on a legacy of investments in education involving standards reform, improving teaching practices, supporting school and system leaders, and increasing the supply of and demand for high-quality instructional materials and aligned assessments. These efforts have included …Apr 16, 2021 · Vartan Gregorian, president of Carnegie Corporation of New York, former president of Brown University and The New York Public Library, illustrious scholar, and steward of Andrew Carnegie’s legacy dies at age 87. Vartan Gregorian, a distinguished historian and humanities scholar and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, was the ... Nov 18, 2021 · Carnegie Corporation of New York has named its 13th president, announcing today that Louise Richardson will join the foundation in January 2023 at the end of her seven-year term as head of the University of Oxford in England. Richardson, an expert on international terrorism, has served as a member of the Corporation’s board of trustees since ... Jim Short. Program Director, Leadership and Teaching to Advance Learning. Jim Short is a program director within the Corporation’s Education program, where he manages the Leadership and Teaching to Advance Learning portfolio. Short oversees grantmaking aimed at preparing and supporting teachers and school and system leaders for learning ...Ambika Kapur is a program director within the Corporation’s Education program where she manages the Public Understanding portfolio. Kapur oversees grantmaking aimed at engaging parents, communities, teachers, and policymakers in understanding and demanding changes in education that ensure that all students develop the knowledge, skills, and dispositions they …The Education program at Carnegie Corporation of New York builds on a legacy of investments in education involving standards reform, improving teaching practices, supporting school and system leaders, and increasing the supply of and demand for high-quality instructional materials and aligned assessments. These efforts have included …Described by a writer for Pan African Music as “a splendid and ecstatic memento of spiritual jazz with some of its greatest masters,” Alice Coltrane’s 1971 … Carnegie Corporation of New York is a nonprofit, private foundation established by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 to do “real and permanent good in this world.”. The Corporation is governed by an independent Board of Trustees that includes the foundation president. The Board is committed to ensuring that the Corporation manages its assets to ... Carnegie Hall first opened its doors in 1891. Located on the corner of 57th Street and Seventh Avenue, it is a national historic landmark that comprises three venues: Stern Auditorium / Perelman Stage, Zankel Hall, and Weill Recital Hall. Additionally, Carnegie Hall also supports educational activities throughout the city and beyond through its ...New York, New York, June 9, 2022 — Following a unanimous vote, Carnegie Corporation of New York’s trustees announced today that Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian will return to the foundation’s board for a four-year term.He is a former Corporation trustee who, among other responsibilities, served as vice-chairman …Vartan Gregorian, president of Carnegie Corporation of New York, former president of Brown University and The New York Public Library, illustrious scholar, and steward of Andrew Carnegie’s legacy dies at age 87. Vartan Gregorian, a distinguished historian and humanities scholar and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, was the ... Carnegie Corporation of New York, which was established by Andrew Carnegie in 1911 "to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding," is one of the oldest, largest and most influential of American foundations. Some notable contributions of Carnegie Corporation include: expansion of higher education and adult education. .